| SPARQL Support | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| SPARQL Endpoint | Yes | Yes (via Fuseki) | Yes | Yes |
| RDF Storage | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Inference Support | Backward chaining with rdfs_rule_set(), supports rdfs:subClassOf, rdfs:subPropertyOf, owl:sameAs, owl:equivalentClass, owl:equivalentProperty. No materialized triples. | Yes (Built-in rule-based reasoners for RDFS, OWL Lite, OWL Mini, OWL Micro, and custom rule-based inference) | No | Not out-of-the-box (additional configuration of the triple stored required) |
| Granular Access Control | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Multilingual Data | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Ontology Import | Yes (loads OWL, RDFS & supports reasoning) | Yes (can load ontologies as RDF but limited reasoning) | Limited (can query ontologies if preloaded, but no built-in reasoning) | Not out-of-the-box (triple store can be configured with pre-loaded ontologies as RDF but limited reasoning) |
| Reification Support | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Web API | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Querying Speed | Moderate (good for small/medium datasets, slower on larger data) | Fast (optimized for large RDF graphs) | Very Fast (optimized for massive datasets like Wikidata) | Moderate (good for small/medium datasets, slower on larger data) |
| Primary Use Case | RDF processing, SPARQL querying, reasoning | Enterprise-grade RDF storage & querying | High-performance SPARQL with full-text search | Data curation and LOD-ification with human-in-the-loop, SPARQL querying |
| Supported RDF Formats | RDF/XML, Turtle, N-Triples, N-Quads, JSON-LD, TriG, RDF-JSON, HTML+RDFa, N3, OData+Atom, OData+JSON | RDF/XML, Turtle, N-Triples, N-Quads, JSON-LD, TriG, TriX, RDF/JSON, RDF Binary | RDF/XML, Turtle, N-Triples | RDF/XML, Turtle, N-Triples, JSON-LD, RDF-JSON |
| SPARQL Query Output | XML, JSON, CSV, TSV | XML, JSON, CSV, TSV | JSON (Optimized for Wikidata) | JSON, CSV, TSV |
| Other Format Support | Parquet (via extensions) | SQL integration | No | No |
| Fully Open Source | Yes | Partially (Open Source + Proprietary Enterprise Edition) | Yes | Yes |
